Time is a fickle mistress. The more you watch it, the less of it you seem to have.
I work with people from many different cultures.
The more 'punctual' ones always seem to ignore the present, and, without seeming to realize the contradiction, experience it as something that inhibits faster progress in some planned future realization. People live in a constant mental anguish that they are 'wasting time' at nearly every moment.
By contrast the more 'time-relaxed' cultures seem less prone to discount the present for the future. If no-one is 'wasting' their own time, then you can not 'waste' someone else's by being 'late'.
Now I know there are pros and cons to both extremes, but all to often, in business, I have observed that we try to abuse 'time-controls' in the idle hope of solving trust issues. It almost never works, even when it seems to.
> we try to abuse 'time-controls' in the idle hope of solving trust issues
Trust involves character and competence. Being able to show up on time demonstrates a competence that is necessary in some industries and some cultures. I agree that there are people who permanently stress over self-imposed schedules.
Being on time shows that you are part of a culture with easy access to accurate and consistent time tracking devices, and have access to reliable and predictable methods of transportation, and while not being completely dependent on it it also greatly benefits from having access to reliable real time or near real time communication methods.
Punctuality has grately changed over the years as we progressed technologically.
In the 9th century being on time was quite different than it is today; within your village on time was within usually an hour or two based on the daytime cycle if you have a church with a bell you were lucky, to you nearest city it usually was within a day or a week if you had to visit a someone far far away being on time might have meant arriving within the same year.
So from my point of view anytime where I was in a place that time seem to not matter if you looked carefully you would notice why,
People didn’t had watches, those who did often wore them as jewelry / trinkets often they didn’t work or were not set to the correct time.
With mobile phones this has changes and likely within a decade you’ll also see cultural changes happening to the perception of time and punctuality.
The people runming self-imposed scheduals are the ones that get things done. They dont need the same level of supervision. They are the ones to trust with open-ended or unknowable tasks.
You see this in India and Bangladesh too, especially with social events. One of the funny things is the connection between tardindess and cooking. Serving a typical western meal is difficult when inviting a bunch of people for dinner at 8 means people shuffling in from 9-10. But it’s no problem at all with a typical curry.
Yea I saw this in Tanzania too. Our clockwork machinery society doesn't work there (yet). I'm not so convinced they have to adapt. Maybe it is us who, in a post clockwork machinery society need to (re)learn from them ... One insight that struck me when I was there: this doesn't apply to time only, it is really related to numbers in general. While we obsess with how long, tall far or wide things are (in numbers) these things don't seem to matter much to the average Tanzanian, and they get uneasy having to answer such questions and will give widely inaccurate answers if pressed. Maybe there is a latent anti-colonial attitude at heart that inspires this? or something else. It's worthy of a study nonetheless, as more and more people suffer stress-related problems in the industrialized world
I was in Tanzania (multiple cities) for a month and honestly I did not perceive this there, would you have any example of what happened to you there? Honest question, as I found them very respectful of my time, but perhaps it had more to do with the relation I had with them (as a tourist, as compared to actually living there).
I could, having lived there for 5 years, but the linked article and other comments here provide the sufficient documentation don't you think?. I'm not saying it is a completely ubiquitous and homogeneous trait, and it is probably more pronounced in rural areas than in cities for example. Implicit in your question is however an assertion that I object to: that it would be a sign of disrespect to have a more rubbery notion of time than the one we are used to in our clockwork societies. I don't think so at all. This notion of 'respect' may be relevant here in the west, where everyone's life is measured in time, and everyone knows it to be so. I never felt it to be a sign of disrespect when the wedding started the day after the day it was supposed to, or when our guide up Kilimanjaro told us it was maybe five or ten minutes left to the top when it was in fact two hours. It was simply not so important to them.
It's also noticeable in say check-out lines and even just walking. They simply do everything slower. (And that's not me being condescending - I grew up in Africa). I wonder if it's a factor in the overall economic progress of Africa.
>how can you have a well functioning society this way?
Well enough I suppose.
It's only really noticeable from an outsider perspective. I never noticed that the cashiers are slow while growing up in Africa. Only after spending a couple years in Europe could I see the difference.
Anyway if this sort of thing interests you then check out the book below. Various interesting musings about West vs Africa - and written before a time when everything had to be so politically correct
That seems totally contingent on your definition of “well functioning”. Maybe it would be healthy for us to recalibrate our cultural notions of well functioning? That seems to me to be the gist of what many other comments here are saying.
> The issue of poor time-keeping is not just a Kenyan problem. It is a problem in Ghana and throughout Africa (and of course in many other cultures as well).
Reading Affluence Without Abundance -- https://www.amazon.com/Affluence-Without-Abundance-Disappear... -- about hunting and gathering cultures in southern Africa, whose cultures endured 200,000 years, changed my views on our views on time, law, agriculture, growth, eating meat, and other things.
From a western perspective, loose time-keeping seems a problem.
A thought-provoking question: can you imagine a culture where such a perspective on time worked? And worked for orders of magnitude longer than your culture has existed?
I can’t imagine such a culture producing modern medicine or becoming a space-faring one. Without modern medicine, the span of the average individual life is limited, without getting off this rock, the culture’s life is limited.
How well did these cultures fare against the imperialist Europeans, exactly? How well do they fare against their more technologically advanced neighbors?
Incidentally, you may also wish to read "Industrial Society and Its Future" by former Berkeley mathematics professor Theodore Kaczynski.
Terribly. Agriculture is destroying their culture by taking the land they lived on, causing plants and animals to go extinct, imposing laws that don't fit, and spreading alcoholism, war, etc.
Agriculture seems more aggressive and destructive. People seem to work harder and enjoy life less.
It seems what makes one culture defeat another isn't necessarily what makes the people in the culture happy. Or what keeps the air, land, and water clean, or plants and animals from going extinct.
That's the Unabomber, right? I'm probably supposed to read between the lines from your mentioning him that way, but I didn't get the meaning.
WAIT (West African International Time) in West Africa. Where I was, at least, a scheduled time mostly just indicated that the thing scheduled would happen that day (maybe).
You get used to it with enough time. I spent 3.5 years working in Burkina Faso and after the first year or so it didn’t bother me at all.
The occasionally annoying thing was that I, as a foreigner, was always expected to be on time, even when no one else was. I recall once, late in my time there, arriving to a major community meeting about half an hour after the appointed time. People who were already there complained about it while we waited, a good two more hours, for the local officials to arrive so we could start the meeting. As soon as they rolled in we got the meeting started and no one said a thing about their arrival time, hah.
2 hours late is a bit extreme but I personally think that being late by up to 30 minutes is acceptable in most cases. I really don't mind at all if someone is 20 minutes late and I appreciate being given the same flexibility.
When it comes to real life and you factor in transport delays and other life factors it's not realistic to expect people to be exactly on time all the time.
The attitude in the west seems to be that if you arrive late then it's disrespectful. I feel that expecting me to be exactly on time to non-work events is even more disrespectful because the stress of trying to make it on time makes my cortisol levels go up and probably shortens my life expectancy.
Doesn't it bother you that when you're late you're wasting other people's time and causing them stress? If you know you can't commit to being on time, why agree to it in the first place? Just tell them you'll be there some time between X and Y.
It might be nice to live on "Kenyan time" but it's not economically or socially efficient. For me, waiting around for someone is wasted time that I would otherwise have spent doing something more productive or pleasurable.
EDIT: One of the skills I associate with being a fully functional adult is the ability to account for traffic problems, their personal life, and so on when they make plans. Obviously, unforeseen events can't be helped, so I'm not annoyed with someone who is late once or twice, but if they're persistently late I'll make a negative judgement about their ability to manage themselves properly.
Why would someone being late on party or other similar socual activity stressed you? Makes no sense to me. In general, many people tend to stress over things that should not elicit that much emotional response - nothing is in danger in this case and no harm is being done.
I agree with the opinion that if you demand much punctuality for non work events, to the point that you get angry at people being late for evening beer or party, then you are high maintennance friend.
As for your other questions, if it is generally known that agreement to party at four means "sometime after four" then it means exactly that. All participants know people show up after, so they are not bothered.
> Why would someone being late on party or other similar socual activity stressed you?
I dunno. Why would making it to something on time stress you?
The answer to both is, it doesn't matter. You don't need a detailed understanding of someone's psychology to understand that doing X stresses them out and it would be kinder not to do it.
> Why would making it to something on time stress you?
If you are doing something before it is time to leave you might need to rush it to be able to leave on time. Then, after you leave you might get stuck in traffic or come across another unpredictable thing in which case you get worried that you might not make it on time.
> understanding of someone's psychology
I think punctuality is more of a cultural construction thing than an individual one. When I am in my home country I don't think twice if someone is late by 15 minutes but if I am in one of those super punctual countries I start worrying that something might be wrong when that happens. There are also differenct expectations of punctuality depending on the context. If it is a work related meeting then it is very important to get on time but if it is for a social activity then less punctuality is expected.
I haven't said any of that stresses me. I tend to be on time anyway, actually. It is true that when friend is angry with me or yell at me, I don't like that. Also, I prefer friendship of people who don't expect me to be perfect and don't act like primadonnas when things are not their way or are not super perfect.
Obviously fine when there’s a reason. Drives me crazy when there isn’t.
For example, I’ve been asked to join a meeting (online), I join, organizer is 10mins late, spends another 5mins trying to get the conferencing system working. At this point, I’m generally super annoyed. As a programmer, there’s not much of value I can do with that 15mins. I’ve also lost another 5mins because I’ve made sure to log in early so I don’t keep you waiting. I do find it very disrespectful.
> I feel that expecting me to be exactly on time to non-work events is even more disrespectful because the stress of trying to make it on time makes my cortisol levels go up and probably shortens my life expectancy.
You could always have the best of both worlds by aiming privately to get there half an hour early. If you do run late you won’t be as stressed because you have a half hour buffer and if you are on time you can just chill somewhere until the appointed time. No cortisol either way.
I usually love it when some is late because it gives me some time to relax/prepare before meeting them.
I don't think others in my culture (Germany) view it the same and can understand that it's very annoying if someone is late to an important event, however.
My most extreme version of this was a hiking group in Denmark.
The recommendation was to arrive by train. The event time was 13:00. On Sunday, the trains arrived at 12:32 and 13:02. Naturally, I chose the latter, and found everyone had left half an hour earlier since there was obviously noone else coming!
I've still not got the hang of what time to arrive in Denmark. I've made an effort not to be on "British time" for social events, which has made me 15-30 minutes earlier than the Danish guests as often as it's been the correct time.
Don't worry. I've lived here all my life, and I probably still haven't got the social niceties properly down. I just arrive on time. Never been a problem, but yes, there are subleties going on which I am not aware of.
The train part though: Definitely catch the early train. Two minutes late for something would generally prompt me to get hold of whoever might be expecting me: "Sorry, I'm running late".
Interesting. I really enjoyed the white guy speaking Swahili and his ability to switch mid-sentence. As a monoglot I am envy those with this ability. Reminds me of my favorite movie scene of all time, in Inglorious Basterds they are speaking German in a bar and an accent gives away an undercover spy. Right before things go south the aggressor and protagonist switch to a very refined English.
> Lt. Archie Hicox: [In English] Well, if this is it, old boy, I hope you don't mind if I go out speaking the King's.
> Major Dieter Hellstrom: [In English] By all means, Captain.
We French are not the kings of punctuality. When you have a conference call, people are often minutes (5-10) late.
I hate it and start my calls sharp, even if there is nobody yet. People who join late are on their own to catch up and I make exactly zero efforts to bring them in.
After a few calls almost everyone is there when the call starts.
Some people complained that they cannot switch from one meeting to another instantly, to what I usually reply that they accepted my meeting and that they can arrange with the other one (which probably started late) to finish a few minutes early. I also accommodated them with 5 past the hour starts, which is probably the easiest solution.
This is to say that there is hope for time keeping.
This is also a thing when doing business in Mexico. I've had to wait up to 2 hours for a teleconference to start. Often in Mexico City the traffic is so bad that it takes hours to get anywhere. Couple that with a business culture where meetings take as much time as is needed, and you are frequently left waiting.
My mother used to tell a joke about a guy who hung around in cairo every 1st Jan because he'd said he would meet his brother then but forgot to say which year.
She was born just outside Lesotho (Basutoland as was) and I think the concept of BMT was pretty widespread in Africa.
The language of the article seems to try and excuse this behaviour a few times and make it the problem of "clock-obsessed cultures." It almost reads like a sheepish, "yeah it's messed up but it's not really care big deal!"
Thing is, it’s most likely not a big deal. I grew up in Argentina, where the only times I remember being “punctual” when meeting friends was when we were going to a scheduled event such as the cinema or theater. Otherwise, you agree on a place and time (“let’s meet at my place, after 5”) and people show up whenever they show up. Nobody gets angry about it, because it’s a part of the culture.
Now... if you flake out without telling people, that is something will get mad about.
what do you mean by excuse? you realize that Kenya is a country on another continent, not an American state? the culture is completely different. for all we know being early is the thing that's a cultural taboo and needs to apologized for.
As long as “the West“ keeps getting blamed for all the hardships in other parts of the world "the West" has all the reason it needs to point out other confounding factors.
(And I'm genuinely curious, what role does not being an American state have in your argument? Is punctuality a federal matter?)
This is a problem in multiple cultures and nations not only kenya, and not all kenyans have this attitude towards time. A majority appreciate the value of punctuality
> And why is some white dude in Oregon complaining about Kenyans? (Unclear.)
It's not unclear, it's because he isn't happy about them not keeping time properly, which is what the entire article is about!
> Punctuality is a sign of respect and goes a long way toward building trust and confidence. But must it be forced on the many Kenyans and other Africans who still believe in "African time"?
It doesn't need to be forced on anyone, but if they don't want to be respectful of others' time, or build trust and confidence, it's basically only themselves they're harming in the long run.
We have some of this in the UK as well. If people say a party starts at 7, they might actually mean "don't show up until 7.30". Personally I refuse to play such opaque games, and usually show up exactly at the time specified.
It's not just a game. Hosting a party takes some preparation, and preparation means things can take longer than expected. I sometimes arrive at parties at the moment they're scheduled to start and never has the host been anything but welcoming and gracious. But don't mistake, I'll be helping the host finish up the party decorations, set up the bowls of chips and arrange the beverages for the first 10-20 minutes.
Arriving to a party early is nonetheless a very good idea. It almost always means you get to intimately socialize with the host, a chance you might not get when the party has already started, especially if you're on the shy side of the spectrum.
Arriving early to parties is one of the tips in Leil Lowndes' "How to talk to anyone"[1] that I read and can recommend.
Party arrival times are an exercise in social standing. Those higher on the ladder come later, forcing those lower to wait for them. The ulimate example is "queen time". She is never on time and countless thousands regularly wait. The order that the royals arrive to an event signals thier rank. Our version of this is waiting for the cool people to show up.
I use a similar tactic for professional networking at tech meet ups: I always offer to help clean up afterwards. Every single time it has resulted in me being on a first name basis with the group organizer (who is usually pretty well integrated into the tech community).
> If people say a party starts at 7, they might actually mean "don't show up until 7.30". Personally I refuse to play such opaque games, and usually show up exactly at the time specified.
This is another question, this would be more of social cues than respect imo. You are free to dislike this kind of 'game', but we should not confuse the issues.
I am from this region and have lived in Kenya for a while during childhood. Most people don’t really care about being punctual as life is pretty easy there. There is plenty of resource to go around, even with the rampant corruption. They have this interesting saying that goes:
“haraka haraka haina baraka”
"hurry hurry has no blessing."
All in all, they’re pretty good people, welcoming to all, including racist Europeans who until today continue to plunder the natural resources of the whole region.
I'll also point out that your comment "Men don't find education and accomplishment as attractive as women do - they find youth and beauty important also." at https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15736661 is an even larger generalization, given that it applies to the tendencies and behaviors of all the world's cultures.
I don't know what your point is, other than that you can generalize or cannot?
And the two points are not the same. Asia is predominantly one ethnic group (Han) and 1.2 million speak Chinese. Also, due to climate and culture from being a society for over 5000 years, the food is roughly the same.
Also, there are genuine morphological differences that set most Asian people apart. People generally gravitate towards people who look like them.
There are genuine differences between the biology of men and women.
Europeans are a huge mixed bag. Danish people look nothing like Greece people, and Polish people look nothing like Italians, and many of their languages come from different roots, with completely different cultures. Unjustified generalizations such as lumping all Europeans together ignores the huge difference between them. Also, the statement itself is odd - are they nice to racist European but mean to racist South Americans?
My point is that you express surprise when someone else generalizes by using the term "racist Europeans" when you yourself make continent-wide generalization.
I can't help but interpret your "surprise" as a shallow rhetorical technique than anything meaningful.
Your numbers are off. The Han Chinese are less than 1/3rd of the population of Asia. 4.5B Asians - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia - and 1.3 B Han - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese . "Asia", of course, is somewhat of a cultural construct, as there is no clear boundary between Asia and Europe.
If you mean "Chinese" or "Han", then say so. Otherwise, are you really missing a good glass of Mongolian mare kumis in Reno? Or the adhan being called out by a muezzin from the mosque? Neither are common in SF.
I'm sure all those people in India would be pleased to know that Indian cuisine is "roughly the same" as Chinese food. I'm sure that fans of the different regional cuisines of China will be glad to know you think Shandong and Sichuan cuisines are "roughly the same."
"There are genuine differences between the biology of men and women." Absolutely. And irrelevant. Your previous generality wasn't so generic.
"Europeans are a huge mixed bag."
Umm, India has 29 languages with at least 1 million native speakers and is "one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India. Indonesia, which is mostly located in Asia, has hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups.
"completely different cultures"
71% of Danes, >90% of Greeks, >87% of Poles, and 83% of Italians are Christians. (The main denominations are Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Catholic, respectively - "roughly the same" religion.)
Tell me how it is that this is "completely different" in the way that approaches the differences between the major religions of Asia - Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Chinese folk religion, Shintoism?
Ancient Greek and Roman history are part of the standard Western education. Until only a few hundred years ago, the educated class in all those countries could communicate to each other in Latin. All four of those countries are now in the EU.
"look nothing like" .. I can't help think of the old racist saying "black people all look alike to me." It's as if you didn't realize that the cross-race effect might be an issue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-race_effect .
"are they nice to racist European but mean to racist South Americans"
Which racist South Americans do you know of who have gone to Africa "to plunder the natural resources of the whole region"? Anyone like Rhodes, or the many other British people convinced of the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race?
For that matter, which South American countries have a history of African colonialism?
The European ones include the Britain, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Italy, and Germany. I may have missed a few. Ahh, I see Russia had a short-lived/not official colony at Sagallo. I won't count that one.
> "look nothing like" .. I can't help think of the old racist saying "black people all look alike to me." It's as if you didn't realize that the cross-race effect might be an issue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-race_effect .
No, I meant qualitatively they look nothing alike. Italians have dark skin, dark curly hair, and speak a romance language. Swedish people have light skin, blond straight(ish) hair and speak a germanic language.
> Umm, India has 29 languages with at least 1 million native speakers and is "one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India. Indonesia, which is mostly located in Asia, has hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups.
I'm not saying that India isn't diverse, just that Europe is not just a homogenous mass.
> 71% of Danes, >90% of Greeks, >87% of Poles, and 83% of Italians are Christians. (The main denominations are Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Catholic, respectively - "roughly the same" religion.)
Not roughly the same religion. The contents are quite different. The protestant and Catholics have a long history of religious wars. And yes, they are completely different in many important ways, for instance the divinity of Mary, church governance, and the relationship of idols, the relationship between the Holy Trinity, etc etc
> Which racist South Americans do you know of who have gone to Africa "to plunder the natural resources of the whole region"? Anyone like Rhodes, or the many other British people convinced of the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race?
> The European ones include the Britain, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Italy, and Germany. I may have missed a few. Ahh, I see Russia had a short-lived/not official colony at Sagallo. I won't count that one.
Why wouldn't you count the Russian colony? Also that is a small subset of Europe. There's Greece, Turkey, most Slavic countries, Finland, Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland aren't involved.
That all stopped. Chinese people are far more involved in African politics right now, propping up dictators to extract resources for the gaping maw that is Chinese industry.
The point is that Europeans have stopped doing that, but Americans and Chinese are doing their level best to duplicate their efforts.
For that matter, why is setting up colonies racist? You expand because you either have overwhelming population pressure, need raw materials for industry, or need to get rid of undersirables. Also, if other countries are setting up colonies, there's a huge land grab to ensure economic safety and stability in your own country, or else you get left behind in money and industry.
And one of the most vicious incidents in African consist of the Boer war, British on Afrikaans violence. The Afrikaans invented guerilla war, and the British invented concentration camps for the families of the combatants.
The fact that there are Europeans in South America is proof that there are racist Europeans. I mean, if they've already plundered South America and taken the land of the people, what need do they have for East Africa?
Obviously, I don't think that all Europeans are racist, but you know exactly the point I was making.
Tell me one political crisis in Kenya for the past 50 years that was not stoked by a European country or their policies?
Imagine showing up on other people's lands, then drawing up lines (borders), dividing brothers and cousins, just to take advantage of the chaos.
The best thing to do is to be open-minded and invest some time in a history that is not Eurocentric.
When making a comment, you might want to start with something which isn't obviously a product of your own stereotypical bias. As we know from ABBA, Swedish people do not all have "blond straight(ish) hair".
From my personal experience visiting Sweden, there are many brunettes in the country ... and many bottle-blondes.
I noticed you switched from "Swedish people" to "Italians". Some Italians, like those in South Tyrol, speak German as their native language. Quoting Wikipedia, "Twelve historical minority languages are legally recognised: Albanian, Catalan, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Ladin, Occitan and Sardinian"
The concept of "Italians" is also rather new, being a creation of the 1800s. There are still large differences between the different regions, and discrimination between Italians based on region. Eg, "Mussolini also played upon long-standing racist attitudes against Sicilians, enacting a number of laws and measures directed at anyone born in Sicily/of Sicilian descent" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Italy .
So Italy doesn't have this stereotypical homogeneity that you stated.
You wrote "I'm not saying that India isn't diverse, just that Europe is not just a homogenous mass." You didn't seem to realize that my point is that Asia is more diverse than Europe. Therefore, if you use the argument "Europeans are a huge mixed bag" as a justification for why it is not reasonable to stereotype "racist Europeans", you must also agree that a concept like "Asian food" or "Asian people" is not meaningful.
"The contents are quite different. The protestant and Catholics have a long history of religious wars. And yes, they are completely different in many important ways"
And the Judean People's Front is completely different than the People's Front of Judea.
Or the old joke asking if someone is religious or atheist; Christian or Jewish; Catholic or Protestant; Episcopalian or Baptist; Baptist Church of God or Baptist Church of the Lord; Original Baptist Church of God, or Reformed Baptist Church of God; Reformed Baptist Church of God, reformation of 1879, or Reformed Baptist Church of God, reformation of 1915? When the final answer is wrong, "Die, heretic scum!" - http://www.ahajokes.com/reg38.html .
Your argument is exactly what I would expect from someone who doesn't understand the cross-race effect.
You have selected certain properties which you have determined are important. These include skin and hair color, as well as specific religious beliefs. However, you have chosen them because the Eurocentric culture you are from found them important in being able to distinguish between people.
If you had been born and raised in India, or China, or Indonesia, or elsewhere in Asia, you would have learned a rather different set of "important" features. You would care more about the important differences between the different types of Buddhism, or the differences in the caste system, etc. You would use different facial features to distinguish between people from different religions, and find it difficult to distinguish between Europeans.
And you would have difficulty remembering the distinction between the different Christian churches just like I struggle to remember the distinction between Shia, Sunni, and Sufi, much less all of the different branches https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches .
"Why wouldn't you count the Russian colony?"
Because it wasn't organized or condoned by the Russian state. "The Russian Government disavowed Achimov, accusing him of disobedience to the Czar and acts of piracy. Participants were arrested and deported back to Odessa" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallo .
Take Bir Tawil for a modern example. No recognized government has made a land claim on it. However, several people have done so. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil lists a couple.
Just because Jeremiah Heaton, a US citizen, claimed the land, that doesn't make it new American colony.
"The point is that Europeans have stopped doing that"
Well, first, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%... was a thing. "The 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt, also known as the Wonga coup,[1] failed to replace President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with exiled opposition politician Severo Moto. Mercenaries organised by mainly British financiers were arrested in Zimbabwe on 7 March 2004 before they could carry out the plot."
And it's not like I know much about what's going on in Africa. There's almost certainly more of that going on.
> In the second half of the 20th century, Africa’s division of labor and national institutions – everything from military to banking and foreign trade - was largely determined by the core countries - US and northwest Europe - with the considerable assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and its affiliates, African Development Bank and a number of United Nations agencies, and of course, the explosion of NGOs some of which are fully funded by governments trying to peddle political and economic influence. In short, the external mechanisms of Africa’s dependence became stronger and more solidified in the last six decades than they were during the era of colonial rule. ...
> Largely because of China as a major new player in the region’s trade, there was a rise after the recession of the early 1990s, but this too was limited to the primary sector of production. The China factor did not help the continent lift its GDP amounting to under $300 billion in 1997 while the debt was $315 billion. This allowed the IMF to impose austerity and neoliberal measures of privatization, corporate tax reductions, and trade barrier removals that further weakened the national economies. The austerity measures not only prevented upward socioeconomic mobility, but actually drove more people into lower living standards.
Third, your original point was your (IMO fake) surprise at how someone could make a continent-wide stereotype. This new point is rather tangential, and comes across as something like "look, they are also being mean so stop blaming me for being mean."
leyth (the person you responded to) said nothing about Chinese in that area of Africa. The implication is that they will be equally welcoming to racist Chinese and racist Americans.
> why is setting up colonies racist?
Um, did you not understand what I meant by "British people convinced of the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race"? One of the arguments for their imperialism was that they are, by race, the people best suited to rule the world.
It's like you don't even care to inspect or improve your own understanding of the world, so I'll make it easier and quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes :
> One of Rhodes's primary motivators in politics and business was his professed belief that the Anglo-Saxon race was, to quote his will, "the first race in the world".[3] Under the reasoning that "the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race",[3] he advocated vigorous settler colonialism and ultimately a reformation of the British Empire so that each component would be self-governing and represented in a single parliament in London. Ambitions such as these, juxtaposed with his policies regarding indigenous Africans in the Cape Colony—describing the country's black population as largely "in a state of barbarism",[4] he advocated their governance as a "subject race"[4] and was at the centre of moves to marginalise them politically—have led recent critics to characterise him as a white supremacist and "an architect of apartheid."
Of your three criteria ("overwhelming population pressure", "need raw materials for industry", "need to get rid of undersirables"), I guess that's the third - get rid of all the non-Anglo-Saxons in the world. Which is incredibly racist. But it really feels like it's an entirely new reason you didn't think about. Which means you know even less than I about this topic.
"if other countries are setting up colonies, there's a huge land grab ..."
Ahh, apologetics for imperialism. I suppose next you'll argue that if other countries are entering the slave trade then your country should as well, "or else you get left behind in money and industry." The British and America made a lot of money from slavery. Europeans made a lot of money from their African colonies. That doesn't justify colonization. Or slavery.
> one of the most vicious incidents in African consist
And now we are well removed from anything to do with the topic. This is relevant because ... just exactly why?
I work with people from many different cultures. The more 'punctual' ones always seem to ignore the present, and, without seeming to realize the contradiction, experience it as something that inhibits faster progress in some planned future realization. People live in a constant mental anguish that they are 'wasting time' at nearly every moment. By contrast the more 'time-relaxed' cultures seem less prone to discount the present for the future. If no-one is 'wasting' their own time, then you can not 'waste' someone else's by being 'late'.
Now I know there are pros and cons to both extremes, but all to often, in business, I have observed that we try to abuse 'time-controls' in the idle hope of solving trust issues. It almost never works, even when it seems to.