Things like screen readers can still try the Unicode decomposition techniques to try to make sense of the nonsense. The Fraktur F does decompose to "F", in this particular example. A better example is something like Lowercase Greek Letter Alpha which does not decompose to Latin "a", despite the readable similarity to most Latin character form audiences.
Though there too, there are patterns screen readers can attempt to find to figure out when alpha is pretending to be Latin a.
That said, it's still not a great idea to use them for text anywhere. It puts a lot of burden on the reader's pattern matching skills. Not just screen readers, but human readers too; everyone reads them a bit slower, and that's before you consider the usual human skill/ability modifiers such as dyslexia that make these things so much worse, too.
https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+03B1
Though there too, there are patterns screen readers can attempt to find to figure out when alpha is pretending to be Latin a.
That said, it's still not a great idea to use them for text anywhere. It puts a lot of burden on the reader's pattern matching skills. Not just screen readers, but human readers too; everyone reads them a bit slower, and that's before you consider the usual human skill/ability modifiers such as dyslexia that make these things so much worse, too.